Nuclear Energy Mission in Union Budget for 2025-2026

Context:

The Union Budget for 2025-2026 introduces a significant development in India's energy landscape with the announcement of the Nuclear Energy Mission, aimed at expanding India’s nuclear power capacity. This initiative supports the vision of Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by ensuring energy reliability and reducing the nation's dependency on fossil fuels.

Key Highlights of the Nuclear Energy Mission:

• Target Capacity: India aims to reach 100 GigaWatt (GW) of nuclear power capacity by 2047, significantly increasing its current capacity of about 8 GW.
• Focus on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs):
• A ₹20,000 crore allocation has been made for Research & Development (R&D) to develop indigenous SMRs.
• The goal is to have five SMRs operational by 2033.
• Boosting Private Sector Participation:
• To promote private involvement in nuclear energy, key legislative amendments are planned, including changes to:
• Atomic Energy Act, 1962: Governs the development, control, and use of atomic energy in India.
• Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010: Ensures prompt compensation for victims in case of nuclear incidents, with operators held accountable.

Government Initiatives to Enhance India’s Nuclear Capacity:

• Capacity Expansion:
• The construction and commissioning of 10 reactors (totaling 8 GW) across several states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Indigenous Achievements:
• Rajasthan Atomic Power Project Unit-7 (RAPP-7), one of India's largest indigenous reactors, achieved criticality in 2024, marking a significant milestone in India’s nuclear energy development.
• Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs):
• The government is expanding its nuclear energy sector by developing BSRs and exploring private sector partnerships.
• BSRs are 220 MW Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) known for their proven safety and performance record.

About Small Modular Reactors (SMRs):

• Definition: SMRs are advanced nuclear reactors with a power capacity of up to 300 MW(e) per unit, about one-third of traditional nuclear power reactors.
• Key Features:
• Modular Construction: SMRs are designed for factory fabrication and then transported to sites, offering greater flexibility in construction and installation.
• Incremental Deployment: SMRs can be deployed in single or multiple modules, allowing for scalable power generation that can be adjusted according to energy demand.
• Benefits:
• Reduced Initial Capital Investment: SMRs offer lower upfront costs compared to traditional nuclear reactors.
• Flexibility: The option to combine nuclear energy with alternative sources, including renewables, makes SMRs an attractive and versatile option.

Conclusion:

The Nuclear Energy Mission aligns with India’s long-term goals of ensuring energy security while transitioning to clean energy. By focusing on Small Modular Reactors, encouraging private sector involvement, and expanding its nuclear energy capacity, the government is positioning India to become a leader in sustainable energy. The development of indigenous nuclear technology, alongside legislative reforms, will help India meet its growing energy demands while significantly reducing reliance on fossil fuels.