Varkala Cliff: A Geo-Heritage Site at Risk

Why in News?

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has recently ordered a status report from the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and other relevant authorities regarding the deteriorating condition of Varkala Cliff, a prominent geo-heritage site in Kerala. The cliff, which is under threat due to unregulated tourism and climate change, is facing significant environmental degradation.

About Varkala Cliff

Location:

Varkala Cliff is located near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, offering breathtaking views of Varkala Beach. It is renowned for being the largest geo-heritage site in the state and is a crucial coastal landform.

Designation:

Varkala Cliff was designated as India's 27th National Geological Monument by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) in 2014, emphasizing its importance as a natural heritage site.

Geological Significance:

• The cliff is a part of the Warkalli Formation, which dates back to the Mio-Pliocene epoch (~5.3 million years ago).
• Its structure consists of laterite, sandstone, and carbonaceous clay layers, contributing to the rich ecosystem and diverse microhabitats.
• Beneath the sandstone lies a vital aquifer that provides high-quality water to the surrounding areas.

Cultural and Historical Importance:

• The cliff is also historically significant, associated with Sri Narayana Guru, who promoted his inclusive religious philosophy here.
• Varkala is often referred to as a 'mini-Goa' due to its pristine environment and serene atmosphere, attracting numerous tourists.

Factors Leading to Degradation

1. Unregulated Tourism:

• Unplanned development has led to unauthorized constructions, such as resorts, cafes, and parking spaces on the cliff.
• This has caused damage to the natural landscape and disrupted the ecosystem.

1. Coastal Erosion and Climate Change:

• Coastal erosion, worsened by large-scale port constructions at Kovalam and Vizhinjam, has contributed to the vulnerability of Varkala Cliff.
• Climate change exacerbates these issues, putting further pressure on this delicate geological formation.

1. Waste Mismanagement:

• Many eateries and businesses in the area lack proper waste disposal systems, leading to wastewater seepage that erodes the base of the cliff.

1. Violation of Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Guidelines:

• Varkala falls under Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) 3B, which prohibits construction within 200 meters of the High Tide Line. However, this regulation is often violated, further contributing to the degradation of the site.

What Are Geo-Heritage Sites?

Geo-heritage sites are areas of significant geological interest. They are essential for understanding Earth's history, natural processes, and cultural ties. These sites:

• Provide insights into the Earth's evolutionary history.
• Feature unique geological formations, fossil beds, and other significant landforms.
• Play an essential role in scientific research, education, and tourism.

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) is the key authority responsible for identifying and safeguarding these sites.

The Varkala Cliff is a valuable geo-heritage site that faces numerous threats, particularly from unregulated tourism, coastal erosion, and climate change. These factors, compounded by violations of environmental regulations, put this natural wonder at risk. Efforts to safeguard Varkala Cliff are critical, and the recent intervention by the National Green Tribunal highlights the need for sustainable tourism, effective waste management, and stricter adherence to coastal regulations to preserve this important geological and cultural heritage for future generations.